Prison reform free essay sample

The primary concern about the jail change was about partition of individuals in the detainment facilities. Individuals were being captured for the most dark things, youngsters, that would do minor misdeeds would be placed in jail with men and lady that would kill individuals. After the war in 1812, adolescent confinement habitats were worked to attempt to address the conduct of the youngsters. This was better than tossing them behind bars with developed men who were hard hoodlums. Individuals who were intellectually sick were likewise placed into jail as a criminal.The detainment facilities in Massachusetts conditions were ghastly. The detainees were dealt with terribly and if any detainee would act mischievously they would be placed in isolation. That is the place a detainee who accomplished something awful in jail would need to spend their sentence in unadulterated segregation away from every other person. They werent permitted to talk or do any kind of correspondence with any other individual. We will compose a custom paper test on Jail change or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Another type of discipline included to isolation was work. In 1821 , the detainees that were in isolation were going insane. Out of 80 detainees the greater part of them excluded self destruction or had mental breakdowns.This is the thing that made the penitentiaries have them work with hard work as opposed to having them in a room without anyone else throughout the day. Work the main time the prisoner was permitted to converse with any other person. The detainees were cruelly whipped, fiercely beaten, and frightfully binded. This grabbed the attention of one teacher named Dorothy Dixie. Elevated were to look into anything about the jail change in the 1 asss, she would be the one you would locate the most data about. Throated Dixie was conceived in April 4, 1802. She was conceived in Hampered, Maine and was the most established of three children.She fled at age 12 from feeling dismissed and mishandled. She went to live with her grandmother for some time at that point moved in with her auntie in Worcester, Massachusetts. She was adult and scholarly for a young lady that was just 14. At this age she opened her first school and turned into an educator. In 1841 she was drawn nearer by a man who was going to train a class in jail and he approached her for counsel. She chose to show the class herself and that changed her life until the end of time. She saw the revulsions Of the jail and she away that the intellectually sick were placed in this jail with all the criminals.She at that point needed to roll out an improvement and improve the detainment facilities. She visited each jail in the territory of Massachusetts for a long time and did a very decoded report about the jail frameworks. She handed that report over to the Massachusetts council. Regarding the intellectually sick as crooks as opposed to patients is to sentence them to mental demise, Throated Dixie said this. This report persuaded the territory of Massachusetts to improve jail conditions and made emergency clinics for the intellectually sick. This exertion from Throated was a model for different states and had 15 different states impacted to improve their detainment facilities.

From 52nd Street to Virginia Avenue Essay Example For Students

From 52nd Street to Virginia Avenue Essay Sun streams through the floor-to-roof windows of the Santa Monica Police Activities League, lighting up the substance of 14-year-old Stevie as he offers a nonexistent present to his companion Mike, who is turning 10 today. I give you a pill to transform anything into anything, says Stevie, and Mike smiles as he puts the pill into a nonexistent heap of endowments previously got from the children and grown-ups in his acting workshop: a million bits of paper and the plans to compose on them, a Nintendo, a pack of fresh opportunities, $100 and an enchantment rug to fly the world over. Mike isn't the just one praising a birthday. The partys have, the Virginia Avenue Project, is turning one. Like its parent, the 52nd Street Project in New York City, the Los Angeles-based Virginia Avenue Project brings proficient specialists and downtown children together to make theater. Alongside comparative projects firing up in Macon, Ga., Roanoke, Va., Hastings and Buffalo, N.Y. furthermore, Tuba City, Ariz., the Virginia Avenue Project is one of numerous replications of the 52nd Street Project utilizing playwriting and acting to give financially distraught kids a field for self-articulation. Begun by on-screen character and essayist Willie Reale in 1981 as an acting class for eight children in the Hells Kitchen zone of New York City, the 52nd Street Project has mushroomed into a New York installation with various projects, in excess of 70 youthful members, a yearly financial plan of $300,000 and a volunteer list of in excess of 150 grown-up specialists including such prominent figures as Wendy Wasserstein, Spalding Gray and Kate Nelligan. In the early years, Reale and his sibling Robert composed full-length musicals with parts intended to flaunt every child character. In any case, Reale felt awkward continually giving featuring jobs to a similar few, so he started to search for approaches to offer them the individual consideration woefully ailing in their stuffed state funded schools. In 1986, he began the One-on-One program, where a grown-up writer composes a short two-character play for his or herself and a specific youngster. After a year, he snared with instructor and dramatist Daniel Judah Sklar, who had quite recently moved back to New York from Macon, Ga., where he was creating Playmaking, a method for instructing youngsters to compose plays. Presently, the activities writing computer programs is multifaceted, with youngsters acting and writing in a few scenes. Notwithstanding the One-on-Ones, the grouping of projects incorporate Playmaking, in which children take an eight-week playwriting course, at that point talk with two grown-up entertainers and compose plays for them to perform; Replay, a second degree of Playmaking; and Playback, in which a grown-up composes a play because of a piece composed by their youngster accomplice. Becoming sideways The procedure first makes the kid the focal point of consideration, at that point approaches the person in question to make for another person, lastly connects with the youngster in joint effort. Intermittently, gatherings of kids and grown-ups retreat to the nation to compose and practice, and afterward come back to the city to perform Off Broadway, where the plays are gone to by a mixed crowd of neighborhood families, rural elitists and renowned dramatic characters. The accentuation on the individual kid implies that the venture can't bolster more than 70 or so kids for every year, so it is concentrating on replication. Its the sort of association that can just develop sideways, says Reale. At the point when you find something that works, you need others to think about it. Leigh Curran, a previous 52nd Street volunteer who moved to Los Angeles to begin the Virginia Avenue Project in 1992, is the ideal West Coast envoy. An impressive figure whom her associates state ought to be running entire urban communities, Curran is an author, on-screen character and execution craftsman who shares Reales devotion to the individual youngster. .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 , .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .postImageUrl , .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 , .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:hover , .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:visited , .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:active { border:0!important; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:active , .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:hover { obscurity: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } . u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2 e1ecb83da2865 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Jane Lind EssayIn the after-school acting class at the Santa Monica Police Activities League, Currans bunch plays a game called Up Against the Wall, wherein one individual communicates a feeling and the others give it a shot. Ed, a completely grown 15-year-old, volunteers to go first, at that point cannot consider what to state. Mama a, he says, head in hands. I cannot do this. What are you feeling? asks Sharon Madden, a gritty redhead who has been instructing theater to youngsters for over 10 years. Humiliated, answers Ed, chuckling apprehensively. At that point do humiliated, broadcasts Madden, and with a touch of goading, Ed strolls to the focal point of the room, head despite everything covered in his too-huge hands, an uncommonly legit image of how it feels to be a humiliated immature. The children in the tasks are pleased with their work and of their newly discovered simplicity of self-articulation. Stevie, whose taking in incapacity kept him from figuring out how to peruse at the pace of his companions, composed a play in the Playmaking program called Greedy Joe about a kid who takes his companions wallet and afterward battles with his warring great and terrible hearts about whether to bring it back. When inquired as to whether he needs to continue composing, Stevie answers, Yeah, its fun, and afterward portrays a thought for his next play, The Last Bottle, wherein there are no soft drink bottles left on the planet. In the task, you can communicate your sentiments, and be free, act the manner in which you feel like, says Stevie. Disclosed sentiments Playmaking, educated without precedent for December to the Virginia Avenue kids in a fourteen day escalated class with its maker, Sklar, is intended to do precisely that. As Curran, who presently shows the method, calls attention to, When they begin to feel their passionate reactions are substantial, regardless of whether they are incorrect or right, their psyches open up and they can learn. For a large number of the children in the program, the sentiments they divulge are troublesome. The Virginia Avenue gathering, taking a shot at an improvisational piece for Mothers Day, plays a game called, When Im a mother, Im never going to Seven-year-old Samantha, stuttering from her missing front tooth, asks, If our mom beats us and stuff, do we need to state something contrary to that? The room falls quiet, and Madden answers, obviously not, darling. In both 52nd Street and Virginia Avenue, grown-ups act in the children plays, a bend created in New York to include the many expert entertainers who needed to chip in their time. Proficient creations show the kid that their words are deserving of regard among peers, yet in the bigger network also. What's more, the grown-up volunteers are focused on breathing life into the childs vision. I was extremely aware of doing what I thought Stevie needed, says Jody Price, an entertainer in Greedy Joe. We regard the dramatist. Its a blessing instead of a jobyoure truly giving the child something and remembering him for the procedure. Reale clarifies: The children plays have a great deal of jumps in them; they have holes in what we should seriously mull over rationale. A grown-up on-screen character can work a gigantic progress with a wink, so whatever the child has composed is going to go over in a great manner. This way of thinking, so basic to the 52nd Street Project, isn't shared by the entirety of the replicators. Previous 52nd Street volunteer Garrett Brown, who began the Youth Theater division of the Heart of Los Angeles (HOLA) program in the fall of 1992 subsequent to moving to Los Angeles to join the cast of NBCs Sisters, accepts that grown-ups should assume a less obvious job. At the point when his children saw the Virginia Avenue Project perform, they pondered where all the children wereso Brown put them on the stage. Its the procedure that is significant, he says. .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 , .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 .postImageUrl , .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u93482d5bcc8beb2c

Using Victorian Essay Topics to Create a Memorable Classroom Experience

Using Victorian Essay Topics to Create a Memorable Classroom ExperienceDeciding which Victorian essay topics to choose from can be a daunting task. In fact, there are many Victorian topics that one could choose from. The most common topics include: personal essays, Victorian fashion, small town life, poetry, history, philosophy, literature, education, and more.Personal essays on small town life can cover your daily life such as how you met your spouse, what your family is like, and if you have children. There is no limit to the number of topics you can write about in your essay. In fact, Victorian essay topics do not even have to relate to England to make them interesting.Many times Victorian personal essays will also touch on topics such as the East End area, the London ghettos, the working class, and even immigrants from Ireland, Spain, Germany, and Italy. Victorian personal essays do not have to relate to the subject matter at all; they just need to be written from the heart.Victo rian fashion is another theme that is common among essay topics. Many men and women are afraid to express their opinions because they fear it may be deemed inappropriate by the fashion world. However, once again, Victorian fashion can discuss the fashion industry itself, and therefore this is a topic that should not be avoided at all.Education is another topic that is covered in Victorian essays. This is a topic that can focus on either an entire school or on a particular subject. As long as the topic is interesting, then the essay should be interesting enough to be informative.It is also possible to write an essay that relates to small town life; this could be about going to the local stores, the local pubs, or even the local movies. The essay should be interesting enough that readers will want to keep reading to learn about the topic. One of the easiest Victorian essay topics to write is about poetry. If you are not quite sure what sort of poetic style to use in your essay, then y ou can always consult a professional.Once you begin writing, the best thing to do is to look at books that cover different topics, and then begin your research. This is a great way to get started on writing Victorian essay topics that can be very educational and entertaining. By writing about these subjects you will learn a lot, and your students will enjoy being able to read your essays!

Modern Teenage Issues Sex, Drugs and Alcohol Essay

â€Å"I was beyond wasted and so was just about everyone at the party that night, I was young and saw a cute guy (who was just as drunk as well) we started to flirt and he seemed like a nice guy. As the party came to an end, people left me and the guy had decided to crash there. That night we ended up having sex, we use a condom but the condom broke. A few weeks later I found out I was pregnant at 16, the guy ran out and wasnt there for the pregnancy nor the birth of his son.† This story is one of the millions of stories that teenagers are able to share with their friends at the lunch table every year. Although not every story may be as extreme, the partying that teenagers are involved in is becoming more and more severe. Children are growing†¦show more content†¦Research indicates that the brain continues to develop until age 21, and developing brains can be irreversibly damaged by alcohol. The restricted age limit put on alcohol is actually a very important number. 21 is the age that your brain is thought to be fully developed. The rule wasn’t just a pointless number; it was set for a reason and in order to keep people safe it should be followed. The next growing issue that seems to be occurring all over the U.S. is teenagers and smoking weed, chewing tobacco, smoking cigarettes, and participating in other harmful drug use. Teenagers can start using drugs for multiple reasons. Many try drugs out of curiosity, to party and have a good time, pressure put on by their friends, to relieve stress, anxiety, and depression. The use doesn’t typically lead to an addiction and there is no way to tell the amount of uses it takes for a person to get addicted to a substance. That varies from person to person. The use of any drug can become problematic. The most popular drug that is used by teenagers today is marijuana. According to NIDAs 2012 monitoring the Future study; about 6.5 percent of 8th graders, 17.0 percent of 10th graders, and 22.9 percent of 12th graders had used marijuana in the month before the survey (Marijuana). The use of marijuana daily is also becoming an increasing problem. In 2012, 6.5 percent of 12th graders reported using marijuana daily, compared to 5.1 percent in 2007. Marijuana affectsShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy947 Words   |  4 PagesFACT SHEET WORLD POPULATION DAY 11 JULY 2008 Young People and Family Planning: Teenage Pregnancy DEFINITION Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenage girl, usually within the ages of 13-19, becoming pregnant. The term in everyday speech usually refers to girls who have not reached legal adulthood, which varies across the world, who become pregnant. THE CURRENT SITUATION †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Half of the world’s population are under 25. Some 1.8 billion are aged 10-25, history’s largest generationRead MoreUnderage Drinking in Australia Essay602 Words   |  3 Pagesserious social issue in modern Australia; with 90% of Australian teenagers over 14 that have tried alcohol at least once. Estimates also suggest that half of Australia’s teenagers drink alcohol on a weekly basis. Underage drinking can cause drink driving and unsafe sex if it is misused. Australia seems to be fond of this drug, and find it to be socially acceptable although it is causing the amount of teenage deaths to rise rapidly due to misuse. Heavy use of Alcohol can also cause health issues later onRead More The Impacts of Poor Health Choices on the Health1302 Words   |  5 Pagesby people in their early life resulting unhealthy life as they grow. First of all, substance abuse which includes high alcohol consumption and intake of illicit drugs like marijuana leads to health related p roblems. Youngsters start taking drugs may be due to reasons like peer pressure, lack of family support, trauma, abuse family history, stress and tension. Intake of illicit drugs at adolescence age can cause unsocial behavior and mental health problems in their present as well as future life (NeedhamRead MoreRelationship Between A Parent And Child Relationship1710 Words   |  7 Pagescontroversy primarily because of the representation of sexual behaviour and drug taking within the teenage society. Clark published a book called â€Å"Tulsa† in 1971, which was the first ever acknowledgement of what was happening and what young people were doing. After working for 8 years, he initiated to show the world about the underworld of drugs, sex and violence, capturing the in a raw, grainy colorless side of being a teenage adopted later by photographers such as Nan Goldin. Although creating controversyRead MoreWild and Rebellious Adolescence1601 Words   |  7 Pagesthirteen is a raw psychodrama directed by Catherine Hardwicke is based on the life of a young teenage girl, Tracy Freeland whom catapults from pre adolescence/childhood to a wild and rebellious thirteen year old girl. Filmed in Los Angeles, Tracey and her mother’s relationship are put to the test when she befriends Evie. Evie is a popular girl from junior high school who introduces her to the world of sex, drugs and self-mutilation. We see a physical and psychological change in Tracey almost overnightRead MoreThe Realities of Rape Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pageswhen someone you know through social connections forces you into sex. It doesnt have to just be intercourse, it could be oral sex or anal sex. Penetration can be from a body part or an object. It can happen to boys just as it could happen to girls, and boys are typically raped by other men. Rapists could make physical and verbal threats, and they could also use emotional blackmail. Date rape attackers typically use alcohol or dr ugs to knock you out or cause you to make decisions you might notRead MoreSince The Rate Of Unwanted Teenage Pregnancies Has Been1676 Words   |  7 PagesSince the rate of unwanted teenage pregnancies has been steadily decreasing over the past forty years (Patten, 2016), many young women will not be faced with the difficult challenges and life-altering decisions that a pregnant teen is presented with. However, of those teenage women who do face the burden of an unforeseen pregnancy, many come to realize how simple preventative measures could have saved them from having to deal with the social, financial, and psychological difficulties caused by anRead MoreRepresentation of Women in Horror4069 Words   |  17 Pagesï » ¿Bella Spooner Representation of Women in Horror Films. Since the inventions of television and film, media influences have become extremely important in modern society with people constantly being inundated by images and messages that come from film, television, magazines, internet and advertising. Researchers and theorists such as Carol J. Clover and Jean Kilborne believe that the fact that people are going to be affected by the media is absolutely unavoidable. Films can act as guides toRead MoreAngela McRobbie’s Analysis of Jackie and why the Magazine has Seen a New Found Popularity in Recent Years1400 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will be exploring Angela McRobbie’s analysis of Jackie and why the magazine has seen a new found popularity in recent years. Jackie was a popular British weekly teenage girls’ magazine published by Scottish company D.C. Thomson which was published from 1964 up until 1993. It was named after the children’s author Jacqueline Wilson who worked for D.C. Thomson at the time. The ma gazine was most popular with girls in the age range of 10 to 14. Before Jackie made its debut, magazines aimedRead MoreBad Influence of Mass Media on Kids1499 Words   |  6 Pages children from movies and the music they listen to are growing in importance and influence every day, the negative effects of television violence to children, negative effects marijuana, cigarettes, alcohol and some of the heavier drugs are all having negative influences on child brain development. If you are like most parents, you cannot afford to decrease the amount of time at work to monitor their exposure. Therefore, the quality

The Battle Of The War I And World War II Essay - 980 Words

In five chapters of this book, from chapter five to chapter ten the author writes about land and water, space and water. In these five chapters the author covers, forests, jungles, terrains, corridors, waters, glaciers, peninsulas, sea costs and islands. He writes about the US civil war, World War I and World War II. The author would like to compare the tactics and strategies used by the US Confederate and Union Generals during the Civil War, the US military strategy and tactics in Vietnam, Asia and Europe, as well as the differences and similarities of geography. Chapter five explains the importance of nature and geography in warfare. It talks about the forests, jungles and vegetation s importance and and advantages. The author tries to compare Wilderness of VA and Ia Dang valley of Vietnam or the civil war and Vietnam s war. He believes that the there are dissimilarities between of time, hemisphere, strategy, tactics, trains and mission, but both war and locations have few things in common. Chapter six talks about the terrains and corridors and the author compares the American s civil war s eastern theater and World War I Vedrun a deadliest war between German and French. Author explains the importance of geopolitical location of the Verdun for Germans and importance of eastern theater of the US for the Union Army. In Chapter seven author writes about the troubled waters and compare river crossing at Arnhem and Remagen. In World War II, during Operation MarketShow MoreRelatedWorld War II1478 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the beginning Of World War II in 1939 until the end in 1945, the battles between the Allied and Axis powers were violent and caused great destruction. It became a world dispute after the attack on Pearl Harbor. 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The Battle Of The War I And World War II Essay - 980 Words

In five chapters of this book, from chapter five to chapter ten the author writes about land and water, space and water. In these five chapters the author covers, forests, jungles, terrains, corridors, waters, glaciers, peninsulas, sea costs and islands. He writes about the US civil war, World War I and World War II. The author would like to compare the tactics and strategies used by the US Confederate and Union Generals during the Civil War, the US military strategy and tactics in Vietnam, Asia and Europe, as well as the differences and similarities of geography. Chapter five explains the importance of nature and geography in warfare. It talks about the forests, jungles and vegetation s importance and and advantages. The author tries to compare Wilderness of VA and Ia Dang valley of Vietnam or the civil war and Vietnam s war. He believes that the there are dissimilarities between of time, hemisphere, strategy, tactics, trains and mission, but both war and locations have few things in common. Chapter six talks about the terrains and corridors and the author compares the American s civil war s eastern theater and World War I Vedrun a deadliest war between German and French. Author explains the importance of geopolitical location of the Verdun for Germans and importance of eastern theater of the US for the Union Army. In Chapter seven author writes about the troubled waters and compare river crossing at Arnhem and Remagen. In World War II, during Operation MarketShow MoreRelatedWorld War II1478 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the beginning Of World War II in 1939 until the end in 1945, the battles between the Allied and Axis powers were violent and caused great destruction. It became a world dispute after the attack on Pearl Harbor. From then on, countries such as the United States, France, Germany, Japan, the Soviet Union, and many others fought vigorously until a victory was achieved. World War II officially began after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and the United States declared war. The war was made up of a seriesRead MoreWorld War II : The Great Depression1543 Words   |  7 PagesDanielle Gentry Gary Damon American History II 10:00 MWF 25 April 2016 World War II Two decades after the first World War happen another world war occurred known as World War II. There were many causes that led up to this war. The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I, but Germany had to accept the responsibility of the war. Therefore, Germany economy went downhill and people were starving because of war debt. The Great Depression had a big effect on a lot of countries; therefore, countries startedRead MoreRobert Leckie, Book Review of Okinawa: the Last Battle of World War Ii1002 Words   |  5 Pagesbook, Okinawa: The Last Battle of World War II, is entirely about one of World War II’s most brutally fought battles. On April 1, 1945, the U.S. invaded Japan, attacking the island of Okinawa with 540,000 U.S. Army and Marines, and 1,600 ships. â€Å" L Day† was the official name for this day. The L stood for â€Å"Landing,† but the Americans who invaded the Hagushi Beaches that day without any trouble from the Japanese, called it â€Å"Love Day .† This battle was the last battle of World War II and lasted a whoppingRead MoreThe World War II: Air War1180 Words   |  5 Pages World War II was one of the deadliest military conflicts in history. There were many different battles that took place within this war; some more important than others. 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The years 1900 – 1929, saw Canada taking their first steps in attaining independence from Britain. Their involvement in World War I, especially at the Vimy Ridge Battle made Canada look like a mature nation in the eyes of other countries . More than 10,000 courageous Canadian soldiers were killed and it was also the best successful battle of World War I. Seven Canadians earned the Victoria Cross for their bravery in front of German fire. Soon, Canada started to demand for more freedomRead MoreA Separate Peace By John Knowles1529 Words   |  7 PagesWar is a destructive force whose nature is to destroy all things and change lives forever. It is a whirlpool that sucks everything in and is fueled by hatred and violence. Whether one is directly involved in the battlefield or waiting to see the outcome, war has the capacity to affect all people. It can harden one beyond their years and force them to grow, seeing conflicting sides of good and evil. A Separate Peace by John Knowles narrates the story of young boys growing up with World War II as the

The Battle Of The War I And World War II Essay - 980 Words

In five chapters of this book, from chapter five to chapter ten the author writes about land and water, space and water. In these five chapters the author covers, forests, jungles, terrains, corridors, waters, glaciers, peninsulas, sea costs and islands. He writes about the US civil war, World War I and World War II. The author would like to compare the tactics and strategies used by the US Confederate and Union Generals during the Civil War, the US military strategy and tactics in Vietnam, Asia and Europe, as well as the differences and similarities of geography. Chapter five explains the importance of nature and geography in warfare. It talks about the forests, jungles and vegetation s importance and and advantages. The author tries to compare Wilderness of VA and Ia Dang valley of Vietnam or the civil war and Vietnam s war. He believes that the there are dissimilarities between of time, hemisphere, strategy, tactics, trains and mission, but both war and locations have few things in common. Chapter six talks about the terrains and corridors and the author compares the American s civil war s eastern theater and World War I Vedrun a deadliest war between German and French. Author explains the importance of geopolitical location of the Verdun for Germans and importance of eastern theater of the US for the Union Army. In Chapter seven author writes about the troubled waters and compare river crossing at Arnhem and Remagen. In World War II, during Operation MarketShow MoreRelatedWorld War II1478 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the beginning Of World War II in 1939 until the end in 1945, the battles between the Allied and Axis powers were violent and caused great destruction. It became a world dispute after the attack on Pearl Harbor. 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The Great Depression had a big effect on a lot of countries; therefore, countries startedRead MoreRobert Leckie, Book Review of Okinawa: the Last Battle of World War Ii1002 Words   |  5 Pagesbook, Okinawa: The Last Battle of World War II, is entirely about one of World War II’s most brutally fought battles. On April 1, 1945, the U.S. invaded Japan, attacking the island of Okinawa with 540,000 U.S. Army and Marines, and 1,600 ships. â€Å" L Day† was the official name for this day. The L stood for â€Å"Landing,† but the Americans who invaded the Hagushi Beaches that day without any trouble from the Japanese, called it â€Å"Love Day .† This battle was the last battle of World War II and lasted a whoppingRead MoreThe World War II: Air War1180 Words   |  5 Pages World War II was one of the deadliest military conflicts in history. There were many different battles that took place within this war; some more important than others. World War II began once Germany’s new dictator, Adolf Hitler, decided that he wanted to gain power for Germany and for himself. One of Hitler’s first moves in power was invading Poland on September 1, 1939. Many other countries became involved in this war because of the alliance system. The two sides during this war were the AlliesRead MoreWorld War II : The Most Deadly Conflict Of All Of The Wars1395 Words   |  6 PagesI have decided to write about World War II, because it was the most deadly Conflict of all of the Wars that we have yet to witness. World War II dated from September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945. World War II was fought in Europe, the Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean and Northern Africa. It was a War between the Allied Nations and the Axis Nations. The Allied nations included mostly United States soldiers but also included soldiers from at least twelve differentRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 And World War II1178 Words   |  5 PagesBroken Record World War II was the most disastrous war to date. When Hitler invaded other territories, the leaders of those countries succumbed to Hitler’s rising power. As a result, millions of people died. In George Orwell’s 1984, similar events occurred. In fact, 1984 and World War II correlate well for the following reasons: countries switched sides, casualties were high, battles were fought in a variety of areas, and concentration camps existed. During the World War II era, allegiances fluctuatedRead MoreBattle Of Iwo Jima During World War II1077 Words   |  5 PagesMary Kathryn Mclaughlin Mrs. Sehorn and Mr. Hills 1st History and 2nd English 11 March 2015 Battles in the Pacific In World War II, there were numerous Battles in the Pacific ocean. Some were scary and some were bloody and some were quiet and some were loud, but most of all some were deadly, life threatening. The troops that had to go out and fight the battles were brave. Especially to go fight on water in boats and submarines and in the air with planes. You would never know whenRead MoreSpenser Larson. Katelyn Osterman. World History 20Th Century.1525 Words   |  7 PagesKatelyn Osterman World History 20th Century 12 May 2017 Compare/Contrast WWII Throughout the course of human history, a number of grave events have caused for enormous advancements in the way our world as a whole functions today. These events we can often recognize are the wars that have claimed millions of life. The war which has taught us the most is World War II with the many advancements and modern warfare still used today. Two of the most renowned leaders from this horrendous war were Winston ChurchillRead MoreThe Great Journey to Freedom Essay examples1119 Words   |  5 Pagesof their own. The years 1900 – 1929, saw Canada taking their first steps in attaining independence from Britain. Their involvement in World War I, especially at the Vimy Ridge Battle made Canada look like a mature nation in the eyes of other countries . More than 10,000 courageous Canadian soldiers were killed and it was also the best successful battle of World War I. Seven Canadians earned the Victoria Cross for their bravery in front of German fire. Soon, Canada started to demand for more freedomRead MoreA Separate Peace By John Knowles1529 Words   |  7 PagesWar is a destructive force whose nature is to destroy all things and change lives forever. It is a whirlpool that sucks everything in and is fueled by hatred and violence. Whether one is directly involved in the battlefield or waiting to see the outcome, war has the capacity to affect all people. It can harden one beyond their years and force them to grow, seeing conflicting sides of good and evil. A Separate Peace by John Knowles narrates the story of young boys growing up with World War II as the

The Battle Of The War I And World War II Essay - 980 Words

In five chapters of this book, from chapter five to chapter ten the author writes about land and water, space and water. In these five chapters the author covers, forests, jungles, terrains, corridors, waters, glaciers, peninsulas, sea costs and islands. He writes about the US civil war, World War I and World War II. The author would like to compare the tactics and strategies used by the US Confederate and Union Generals during the Civil War, the US military strategy and tactics in Vietnam, Asia and Europe, as well as the differences and similarities of geography. Chapter five explains the importance of nature and geography in warfare. It talks about the forests, jungles and vegetation s importance and and advantages. The author tries to compare Wilderness of VA and Ia Dang valley of Vietnam or the civil war and Vietnam s war. He believes that the there are dissimilarities between of time, hemisphere, strategy, tactics, trains and mission, but both war and locations have few things in common. Chapter six talks about the terrains and corridors and the author compares the American s civil war s eastern theater and World War I Vedrun a deadliest war between German and French. Author explains the importance of geopolitical location of the Verdun for Germans and importance of eastern theater of the US for the Union Army. In Chapter seven author writes about the troubled waters and compare river crossing at Arnhem and Remagen. In World War II, during Operation MarketShow MoreRelatedWorld War II1478 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the beginning Of World War II in 1939 until the end in 1945, the battles between the Allied and Axis powers were violent and caused great destruction. It became a world dispute after the attack on Pearl Harbor. From then on, countries such as the United States, France, Germany, Japan, the Soviet Union, and many others fought vigorously until a victory was achieved. World War II officially began after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and the United States declared war. The war was made up of a seriesRead MoreWorld War II : The Great Depression1543 Words   |  7 PagesDanielle Gentry Gary Damon American History II 10:00 MWF 25 April 2016 World War II Two decades after the first World War happen another world war occurred known as World War II. There were many causes that led up to this war. The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I, but Germany had to accept the responsibility of the war. Therefore, Germany economy went downhill and people were starving because of war debt. The Great Depression had a big effect on a lot of countries; therefore, countries startedRead MoreRobert Leckie, Book Review of Okinawa: the Last Battle of World War Ii1002 Words   |  5 Pagesbook, Okinawa: The Last Battle of World War II, is entirely about one of World War II’s most brutally fought battles. On April 1, 1945, the U.S. invaded Japan, attacking the island of Okinawa with 540,000 U.S. Army and Marines, and 1,600 ships. â€Å" L Day† was the official name for this day. The L stood for â€Å"Landing,† but the Americans who invaded the Hagushi Beaches that day without any trouble from the Japanese, called it â€Å"Love Day .† This battle was the last battle of World War II and lasted a whoppingRead MoreThe World War II: Air War1180 Words   |  5 Pages World War II was one of the deadliest military conflicts in history. There were many different battles that took place within this war; some more important than others. World War II began once Germany’s new dictator, Adolf Hitler, decided that he wanted to gain power for Germany and for himself. One of Hitler’s first moves in power was invading Poland on September 1, 1939. Many other countries became involved in this war because of the alliance system. The two sides during this war were the AlliesRead MoreWorld War II : The Most Deadly Conflict Of All Of The Wars1395 Words   |  6 PagesI have decided to write about World War II, because it was the most deadly Conflict of all of the Wars that we have yet to witness. World War II dated from September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945. World War II was fought in Europe, the Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean and Northern Africa. It was a War between the Allied Nations and the Axis Nations. The Allied nations included mostly United States soldiers but also included soldiers from at least twelve differentRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 And World War II1178 Words   |  5 PagesBroken Record World War II was the most disastrous war to date. When Hitler invaded other territories, the leaders of those countries succumbed to Hitler’s rising power. As a result, millions of people died. In George Orwell’s 1984, similar events occurred. In fact, 1984 and World War II correlate well for the following reasons: countries switched sides, casualties were high, battles were fought in a variety of areas, and concentration camps existed. During the World War II era, allegiances fluctuatedRead MoreBattle Of Iwo Jima During World War II1077 Words   |  5 PagesMary Kathryn Mclaughlin Mrs. Sehorn and Mr. Hills 1st History and 2nd English 11 March 2015 Battles in the Pacific In World War II, there were numerous Battles in the Pacific ocean. Some were scary and some were bloody and some were quiet and some were loud, but most of all some were deadly, life threatening. The troops that had to go out and fight the battles were brave. Especially to go fight on water in boats and submarines and in the air with planes. You would never know whenRead MoreSpenser Larson. Katelyn Osterman. World History 20Th Century.1525 Words   |  7 PagesKatelyn Osterman World History 20th Century 12 May 2017 Compare/Contrast WWII Throughout the course of human history, a number of grave events have caused for enormous advancements in the way our world as a whole functions today. These events we can often recognize are the wars that have claimed millions of life. The war which has taught us the most is World War II with the many advancements and modern warfare still used today. Two of the most renowned leaders from this horrendous war were Winston ChurchillRead MoreThe Great Journey to Freedom Essay examples1119 Words   |  5 Pagesof their own. The years 1900 – 1929, saw Canada taking their first steps in attaining independence from Britain. Their involvement in World War I, especially at the Vimy Ridge Battle made Canada look like a mature nation in the eyes of other countries . More than 10,000 courageous Canadian soldiers were killed and it was also the best successful battle of World War I. Seven Canadians earned the Victoria Cross for their bravery in front of German fire. Soon, Canada started to demand for more freedomRead MoreA Separate Peace By John Knowles1529 Words   |  7 PagesWar is a destructive force whose nature is to destroy all things and change lives forever. It is a whirlpool that sucks everything in and is fueled by hatred and violence. Whether one is directly involved in the battlefield or waiting to see the outcome, war has the capacity to affect all people. It can harden one beyond their years and force them to grow, seeing conflicting sides of good and evil. 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Computer Crime Essay - 846 Words

Running head: COMPUTER CRIME Categories of Computer Crime S.R Skolnick Strayer University In todays society computers are used to commit crimes. These crimes are separated into four categories. These categories are as follows, the computer as a target, the computer as an instrument of crime, the computer as incidental to a crime, and crimes associated with the prevalence of computers. In example of the computer as a target, is a case of Kevin Mitnick. Kevin Mitnick was once known as the worlds most wanted social engineering computer hacker. From the 1970s up to his arrest in 1995, Mitnick was able to elude them bypass corporate security safeguards. Mitnick was able to get into some of the well-guarded systems in the corporate†¦show more content†¦These crimes will include but not limited to money laundering, criminal enterprise, child pornography, and will ring victims into compromising situations. In this category crimes associated with the prevalence of computers, the crimes include intellectual property violations, component that, counterfeiting, identity theft, and a number of corporate offenses. In this category intellectual-property violations are described as piracy. Piracy includes the illegal downloading of music and movies. I believe the category of the computer as a target presents the greatest overall threat at this present time. The reasons for this is, computers as a target for instance computer hacking. Computer hacking enables people with this ability to access our nation’s defense system. With this being said, this becomes a national security issue. Secondly, computer as a target enables people what this ability, to commit identity theft. As we know identity theft is on the rise. Identity theft causes millions and millions of dollars to be stolen or used by cyber criminals. These crimes make it very difficult for the victims to get everything back to nor mal before their identities were stolen. In this day and age, computers and the Internet have made criminals into better criminals, while law enforcement, US government, and the court systems are back in the game playing catch-up. Law enforcement does not haveShow MoreRelatedComputer Crimes And Computer Crime1066 Words   |  5 Pagescomputer crimes oc/wcc Introduction Ever since computers and networks were invented there have been hackers and computer crimes have grown with the advancement of technology. As with the advancement of technology and computer crimes there have been many types of computer crimes that have evolved with technology. There have been laws in place to help reduce and regulate computers and computer crimes. History of computer crimes Computers and networks became increasingly known and used inRead MoreComputer Crime And Its Effect On Society932 Words   |  4 PagesComputer crime has been an issue since the 1970s. Computer crimes have been categorized in two ways. First is a physical activity in which criminals steal computers. Second is that in which criminals commit crimes using computers. The recent development of the Internet has created a substantial increase in criminals commit crimes using computers. Thus, an emerging area of criminal behavior is cyber crime. Computer crimes mostly affect to a lot of areas of the society. When we work with computersRead MoreComputer Technology And Its Impact On Computer Crime1296 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a state or organization, especially the deliberate attacking of information systems for strategic or military purposes† (Oxford Dictionary, 2016). While this definition may seem fitting on a global basis the idea of cybercrime can encompass any valuable information of an individual, company, government, or military entity. The term hacker came about in the early 80’s defining a coup of people where were proficient at manipulating computers. HoweverRead MoreCybercrime Is Crime That Involves A Computer And A Network2155 Words   |  9 PagesCybercrime is crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may be used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target. Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar (2011) define cyber-crimes as: Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm, or loss, to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet. Such crimes may threatenRead MoreComputer Crime3446 Words   |  14 PagesComputer Crime Computer crimes need to be prevented and halted thought increased computer network security measures as well as tougher laws and enforcement of those laws in cyberspace: Computer crime is generally defined as any crime accomplished through special knowledge of computer technology. All that is required is a personal computer, a modem, and a phone line. Increasing instances of white-collar crime involve computers as more businesses automate and information becomes an importantRead MoreThe Four Major Categories Of Computer Crimes Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesassignment, I will discuss the four major categories of computer crimes. I will explain the most common forms of digital crime and why cyber terrorism is the greatest threat. I will also discuss the roles of the U.S. government, court systems, and law enforcement agencies in combating computer crime. First, we will define the four major categories of computer crimes. -The technical definition of computer crimes is an act performed by a knowledgeable computer user, sometimes referred to as a hacker that illegallyRead More Computer Crime Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pagesof the twenty-first century--the computer crime offender. Worst of all, anyone who is computer literate can become a computer criminal. He or she is everyman, everywoman, or even every child. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION To first understand computer crime one must understand first what crime is. According to Diana Kendall, crime is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail or other sanctions (Kendall 1999; 161). Yet since computer technology is so new it has reallyRead MoreEssay on Introduction to Computer Crime2441 Words   |  10 Pagesexposed to computers each day are also increasing. Using computers have become part of our daily lives to the extent that the world would not function as it would now without the use of computers. With that, criminals are moving on to using computers for their criminal activities and thus computer crimes are born. Every now and then we will hear news of companies getting hacked, government websites being defaced, customers’ information being leaked out and other various computer crimes all over theRead More Computer Crime Essay1989 Words   |  8 PagesThe introduction of computers in to the modern household has brought with it new moral issues. In the last 10 years computers have become increasingly cheaper to buy, due to huge technological advances and fierce competition, driving prices down. It the wake of the computer revolution the internet has followed quickly, becoming faster, cheaper and more accessible. With these technological advances the world has become increasingly smaller enabling piracy and file sharing to become common practiceRead MoreComputer Crime And Inadequacy Of Computer Laws1769 Words   |  8 PagesComputer Crime and Inadequacy of Computer Laws Introduction On 9 February 2015, Moscow-based security firm, Kaspersky Lab, released a report indicating that a group of international hackers stole an amount summing up to 1 billion from 100 banks. These attacks were carried out in 30 different nations by installing malware, which enabled them to gain control of the banks’ internal operations. Although such hacks have been attempted before, the scale and sophistication of the attacks, which spanned

Kingdom of Benin Essay Example For Students

Kingdom of Benin Essay annonBenin was an influential city-state in northwest Africa generally from the15th to 17th century. It was founded by the Edo or Bini people in the 13thcentury, and by the early 14th century a royal court was in place. It wasalways ruled by a powerful king who was usually a former war leader. Thekings, however, later became a more religious figure. The kingdom has beenthough to extend throughout what is presently southern Nigeria. One of its most successful kings was Ozoula. During his reign, from about1480 to 1504, Benin established many commercial and diplomatic relations withPortugal. The kingdom participated in a lot of trade with Europe. Some ofthe goods they traded included palm oil, ivory, pepper, and textiles. Anotherindustry Benin took place in was the slave trade. Mostly POWs and women weretraded, but in the early years, men of the tribe were also given away. Gradually, the power of the kingdom decreased as the 18th and 19th centuriespassed. Eventually, in 1897, the area was annexed to British Nigeria. Whiletribesmen still led the area, the real control was in the hands of theEuropeans. One of the richest arts that originated in Africa are some of the hand castbronzes that came out of the kingdom of Benin. These became known as theBenin Bronzes. The casting of brass was strictly a royal art and anyone foundcasting brass without royal permission was faced with execution. Whenever aking or a major figure died, a beautiful commemorative head was cast out ofbronze in his honor. These heads were displayed at shrines found allthroughout the royal palace. Also found in the royal palace were eight wall-sized bronze plaques. Each plaque depicted kings, chiefs, and great warriorsin battle. They each depict a different event in Benins history. Manythings including utensils and weapons have also been found, each hand castwith brass. As you can see, the Beninian people were very gifted in this fineart and it is one of the richest parts of their culture.

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Introduction The purpose of this essay is to analyze a text in relation to the genre and register used then identify the language foci that would be significantly emphasized in a second language lesson. The target learners are Chinese Freshman students studying in the University of Twain.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Text-Based Second Language specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The essay starts off by looking at the literature review, method (introduction, description of the target learners, data, data analysis and findings), and discussion of findings, conclusion, references and finally the appendices. Literature review In the analysis of a text, the genre and register are vital aspects of learning the structure of a text in terms of its function (Eggins, 1994) and context involved â€Å"context sets the stage where particular meanings unfold† (Yunick, 1997).Therefore, for learners to understand easily t he lexicogrammar in a text, they must be able to identify the kind of environment created in the text and the function of the text. The form and function of a text is described in the genre analysis and this helps the L2 learners to understand the purpose of a particular text (Yunick, 1997). To achieve this, in the teaching and learning process, the teacher should identify the significant language foci that are relevant to the proficiency level of the learners (Butt et al., 2009). This helps in the motivation of learners since they become conversant with what they are able to handle, and it applies to all L2 learners anywhere in the world. At any level of proficiency, learners should be made to understand that text writers â€Å"make grammatical choices that depend on contextual features† (Schmitt, 2002). Halliday, (1989) In his theory of context for analyzing the lexicogrammar patterns of texts, the content clearly demonstrates the guidelines to the effective reading of a te xt in which L2 learners are required to put much attention on the structure of the chosen text for the lesson. Equipped with this kind of knowledge about the lexicogrammar used in a text then it becomes it easier for the teacher to identify the most pronounced language foci that would be appropriate for L2 lessons (Liu Jiang, 2009). Identifying the language foci in a text is done through a register analysis of the field, tenor and mode and the analysis of the genre used.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The authenticity of a text is also an aspect to be considered. Apart from the text chosen for the L2 lessons meeting the needs of the students In relation to the proficiency level, it should also be relevant to the cultural background of the L2 students. Thus, the integration of culture and language activates the learner’s schemata making it easy for them to comprehend a text (C arrel and Eiserhold,1983).Through this integration, learners learn more effectively since they are involved in the learning process due to the fact that the content meets their particular interests (Nunan, 1998). Method Introduction In relation to the previous section, the aim of this essay is to carry out an analysis of a text that is relevant to the l2 learner’s needs in terms of their proficiency level and cultural background. The text should be able to present the L2 learner’s linguistic difficulties and this is made possible by identifying the genre and the register of the text (Paltridge, 1996). All these analyses should lead to the most important task of this essay which is the identification of the predominant foci that should be emphasized in an L2 lesson. Target Learners English is a more commonly used international language. Most of the Chinese individuals learn English for Education and transaction purposes. As beginners in the study of English as a second language, 10 freshman students in the University of Twain have a ISLPR score of S: 3, L: 3, R: 3, W: 3 (Ingram Wylie 1979/2007). And most universities accept this as the minimum level for entry to undergraduate degree courses (see Appendix 4). Their linguistic needs are to learn how to use the article ‘a’ and ‘an’ since these articles lack in their own language. Another linguistic difficulty that they encounter is the improper use of verb tenses and lack of knowledge on how to use the plural form of words. Data The text chosen (see Appendix 1) is taken from page 32 of Learning English: A Textbook for English Teachers (Don Snow, 2012).the structure of this text suits the kind of students in this case as it attempts to cover the linguistic difficulties of Chinese L2 learners. The use of verb tenses, plural form of words, proper use of conjunctions, and the use of the article ‘a’ and ‘an’ are clearly outlined in this text.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Text-Based Second Language specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The text is about the question of whether intensive reading is really reading. The author argues out that intensive reading is not enough for a person who would like to be a good reader and thus readers should employ extensive reading too. Intensive reading makes a reader develop bad reading habits because one pays much attention on the vocabulary used rather than the meaning of a text which is the main essence of reading. Data analysis An analysis of the register and genre of the text was conducted based on two templates(see appendices 23)The register analysis was based on a template that involved the field, tenor and mode whereas the genre analysis was done based on a template to determine the schematic structure and lexicogrammar of the text (Butt et al., 1995). Findings Table 1-Language Foci and Linguistic/Discourse aspects A nalysis Template Linguistic Discourse Register analysis Field Verb tenses; may, is ,will, can, Indefinite articles; a bit strange, a slow, a language, get a better, a text’s grammar, a text, an extensive style, a lot, a runner. Tenor Plural forms; texts, ways, students, words, sentences, books, magazines, muscles, skills Mode Conjunctions; Obviously, at least, However, because, also, In fact, actually, For example, often, Finally, so, usually, In order to, as well as, But, mainly, instead, Just as Genre analysis Conjunctions showing reasoning; However, because, In order to, But Discussion of Findings Basing on the table of findings, the information simply illustrates the evident linguistic foci in the text. At a linguistic level, basing on the field of the register analysis, the language focus is the use of verb tenses. English employs a variety of verb tenses i.e., in the present, past and the future. The Chinese find it a little bit tricky to use verb tense s in their speaking of English language because their language lack this aspect (Hinkel, 1992). Thus, teaching this linguistic aspect would meet the needs of the Chinese students as they are exposed to the correct usage of verb tenses. The proper use of indefinite articles is another crucial aspect to be taught in an L2 lesson involving Chinese students. The Chinese language lack the use of indefinite articles thus it is a difficult task for them to be able to identify such an aspect in both speaking and writing. The indefinite article ’a’ and ‘an’ tend to be omitted in most cases in their speech thus this would be an appropriate language focus to be included in the lesson plan (Wong, 1988) Another important language focus that a teacher should concentrate on is the use of conjunctions to create cohesion in a text. The Chinese lack the knowledge on how to use conjunctions appropriately in their writings.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, focusing on this aspect under the discourse function makes it possible for the L2 learners to know when and where to use a conjunction. This problem is not experienced by the Chinese learners alone but almost all intermediate L2 learners struggle with the use of conjunctions before getting to the advanced level (Geva, 1986). The proper use of plural forms is also another important language focus that should be emphasized in an L2 lesson. The teacher teaching English to Chinese students should take into consideration the fact that the Chinese students lack the knowledge on how to use the plural form. In most cases, you will always find a Chinese speaking in English referring to children as child. For them the singular form is used to refer to the plural form too. This is risky in their learning of English because such kinds of mistakes make them underscore when it comes to the assessment tests (Wong, 1988). Thus the most predominant language foci is the proper use of conjunctio ns and for a teacher to achieve his objective which is to help learners acquire the language at the end of the lesson then this should be the most significant language foci to be included in the lesson plan. This aspect covers both the speaking and writing skills. Conclusion The dominant language foci in this chosen text( see table 1) is the proper use of conjunctions and for a teacher to achieve his objective which is to help learners acquire the language at the end of the lesson, then this should be most significant language foci to be included in the lesson plan. This aspect covers both the speaking and writing skills and meets the needs of the Chinese L2 learners. Moreover the teacher should incorporate the culture in the teaching process of the language to achieve the best results (Byram, 1990). References Butt, D., R., Feez, S., Spinks, S., Yallop, C. (2009). Using Functional Grammar (2nd Ed.) South Yarra: Macmillan. Byram, M. (1990). Teaching culture and language: towards an integrated model. Buttjes and Byram. Carrel, P., L. and Eiserhold, J., C. (1983). Schema Theory and ESL Reading Pedagogy. TESOL QUATERRLY. 17 (4). Pp. 553-573. Eggins, S. (1994). An Introduction to Systematic Functional Linguistics. London: Pinter. Geva, E., (1986). Reading comprehension in a second Language: the role of conjunctions.TESL Canada Journal. 3 (0). Pp. 85-96. Halliday, M., A., K., and Hassan, R. (1989). Language, Context and Text: Aspects f language in a social Semiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hinkel, E. (1992). The past tense and temporal verb meanings in a contextual frame. TESOL Quarterly Journal. 31(2): 289-313. Ingram, D., E. Wylie.E. (2007). The International Second Language Proficiency Ratings (ISLPR) Australia. The International Second Language Proficiency Ratings. Brisbane Liu, D. Jiang, P. (2009). Using a Corpus Based Lexicogrammatical Approach to Grammar Instruction in EFL and ESL Contexts. The Modern Language Journal. 93 (1). Pp. 61- 78. Nunan, D. (1998). Teaching Grammar in Context. ELT Journal. 52(2). Pp. 101-109. Paltridge, B. (1996). Genre, Text, Type and the language learning classroom. ELT Journal. 50(3). Pp. 237-243. Schmitt, N. (2002). An Introduction to Applied Linguistics. London: Hodder. Snow, D. (2012). Learning English: A Textbook for English Teachers. Alexandria, VA: TESOL. Wong, S. C. (1988). What we do and don’t know about Chinese learners of English: A critical review of selected research, RELC Journal, 19(1): 1-19. Yunick, S. (1997). Genres, Registers and Sociolinguistics. World Englishes Journal. 16(3). Pp. 321-336). Appendix Appendix 1 Chosen text taken from pg 32 of Don Snow. (2012). Learning English: A Textbook for English Teachers. Alexandria, VA: TESOL. Is intensive reading really reading? This question may seem a bit strange. Obviously, intensive reading is at least one kind of reading, a slow, careful reading style that is appropriate for very difficult texts. However, in many wa ys, intensive reading is really more of a language study method than a form of reading. Intensive reading is useful for English study because its slow speed allows students to stop and look new words up in the dictionary; it also allows students to pause and carefully study long or difficult sentences to get a better understanding of their grammar. However, intensive reading alone will not make students good readers. In fact, too much intensive reading may actually cause students to develop bad reading habits. For example, because intensive reading requires students to pay attention to every detail, it often encourages the habit of paying more attention to the vocabulary and grammar of a text than to its overall meaning. It also encourages the habit of reading English very slowly, and students who become accustomed to reading English in this way often never learn to read any faster. Finally, intensive reading tends to be relatively boring, so students who fall into the habit of read ing everything intensively often come to dislike reading in English. The main purpose of most reading is to understand the meaning of the text, usually as quickly as possible, so extensive reading is more like â€Å"real† reading than intensive reading is. In order to become good readers, students need to practice reading extensively as well as intensively. It is good for students to read intensively sometimes so they can study a text’s grammar and vocabulary. They also need to read intensively if a text is very difficult. But it is equally important for them to spend time reading texts in an extensive style, focusing mainly on the meaning of the text, not stopping to look up every new word. Furthermore, to become good readers, students need to read a lot – entire books or magazines – instead of just short articles or passages from English textbooks. Just as a runner must run a lot every day in order to build muscles for running, good readers need to read frequently and extensively to build good reading skills. Appendix 2 Register Analysis Register variable Meaning Lexicogrammar Experiential Participants Processes Circumstances Field Ascertain if intensive reading is really reading Students, short articles, passages readers, English textbooks, books, magazines at least one kind of reading, a slow, careful reading style, intensive reading is really more of a language study, a form of reading, carefully study develop bad reading habits, to understand the meaning , practice reading extensively, focusing mainly that is appropriate, difficult texts, study method, a form of reading, useful for English study, difficult sentences, understanding of their grammar, develop bad reading habits, to become good readers Transitivity system Obviously, at least, However, because, also, In fact, actually, For example, often, Finally, so, usually, Register Variable Meanings lexicogrammar Interpersonal Mood structure voice Modali ty system Polarity system Reference system Tenor Power-unequal DeclarativeObviously, intensive reading is, The main purpose of most reading, It also encourages Active (see mood structure) Modals may , will, can, Negative grammatical meanings However, in many ways, will not, never learn, relatively boring, dislike, not, Nouns Students, readers, magazines, articles, passages, books, textbooks Contact-infrequent Affective involvement-low Register variable Meanings lexicogrammar Textual Cohesion coherence Mode Written text Cohesive grammatical devices; Conjunctions; Obviously, at least, However, because, also, In fact, actually, For example, often, Finally, so, usually Theme-Rheme intensive reading- is at least one kind of reading good readers- need to read a lot students – pay attention to every detail Lexical devices Students/readers New words/Vocabulary Style/skills Habit/ practice Appendix 3-Genre Analysis Genre Discussion Overall Function To discuss what intensive reading really means by comparing it with extensive reading Functional Labeling Meaning of intensive reading. Comparison and contrasting of intensive and extensive reading. Linking of the two reading styles Schematic structure Schematic Structure Description Justification of argument about intensive reading Recommendation by the writer Obligatory Stages Justification of argument about intensive reading Recommendation by the author Optional Stages Generic Semantic Potential Justification of argument about intensive reading Recommendation by the author Grammatical Features Verb tenses; may, is, will, can. Indefinite articles; a bit strange, a slow, a language, get a better, a text’s grammar, a text, an extensive style, a lot, a runner Plural forms; texts, ways, students, words, sentences, books, magazines, muscles, skills. Conjunctions; Obviously, at least, However, because, also, In fact, actually, For example, often, Finally, so, usually, I n order to, as well as, But, mainly, instead, Just as Appendix 4- summary table of the ISLPR adapted from the ISPLR scale Number Name Short description of the language behavior 0 Zero Proficiency Unable to communicate in the language. 0+ 1- 1 1+ 2 3 3+ 4 4+ 5 Formulaic ProficiencyMinimum ‘Creative’ Proficiency Basic Transactional Proficiency Transactional Proficiency Basic Social Proficiency Basic ‘Vocational’ Proficiency Basic ‘Vocational’ Proficiency Plus ‘Vocational’ Proficiency Advanced ‘Vocational’ Proficiency Native-Like Proficiency Able to perform in a very limited capacity within the most immediate, predictable areas of need, using essentially formulaic language. Able to satisfy immediate, predictable needs, using predominantly formulaic language.Able to satisfy basic everyday transactional needs.Able to satisfy everyday transactional needs and limited social needs. Able to satisfy basic social needs, and routine needs pertinent to everyday commerce and to linguistically undemanding ‘vocational’ fields. Able to perform effectively in most informal and formal situations pertinent to social and community life and everyday commerce and recreation, and in situations which are not linguistically demanding in Own ‘vocational’ field. Proficiency at this level is significantly better than level 3 but has not reached level 4. Able to perform very effectively in almost all situations pertinent to social and community life and everyday commerce and recreation, and generally in almost all situations pertinent to own ‘vocational’ fields. Able to operate as effectively as native speakers in most situations with only slight features of the language differentiating one from the other. Proficiency equivalent to that of a native speaker of the same sociocultural variety. This essay on Text-Based Second Language was written and submitted by user Jordyn D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Death And Dying In A Prayer For Owen Meany Essays - Free Essays

Death And Dying In A Prayer For Owen Meany Essays - Free Essays Death And Dying In A Prayer For Owen Meany The theme of death and dying in A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving is constant throughout the novel. Many events that prepare the characters for death occur through the death of Tabitha Wheelwright, through Owens faith and religion, also through Owens own death. In relation to the book and reality, there are events in life that people encounter that prepare themselves for death. In the novel, the event of Tabitha Wheelwrights death is the first and also one of the most important events. John and Owen experience death of a loved one at an early age when Owen accidentally kills Tabitha with a baseball. After this event John and Owen encounter many feelings that are associated with death. John felt anger towards his mother for leaving him so soon. John wanting to know many things about his mother could not be answered. This is evident in pages 34-35 where John wanted to know who his father was, but his mother had already left before she could even tell him. Owen felt the emotion of guilt. Though the death of Johns mother was an accident, Owen blames himself. GOD HAS TAKEN YOUR MOTHER. MY HANDS WERE THE INSTRUMENT. GOD HAS TAKEN MY HANDS. I AM GODS INSTRUMENT. - P. 87 In this quote, the only way for Owen to deal with the accident is by associating it with his faith. Johns and Owens feelings are natural when people lose a close one, but it helps them embrace deat h later down the road, and also their own. Owens unconditional faith helped John go on after his mothers death. Owens constant bible references made John feel comfortable about death than to fear it. I am the resurrection and the life, saith the Lord. He believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live, and whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die. P. 181 In this quote, Owen is reciting out from the bible to John to convince him of life after death. When you die, it is not the end, but the beginning of a new life with God. Into paradise may the angels lead you. P. 616 Owen telling John to reassure him that the angels will guide him into Heaven after death. Owens complete faith in God helped John understand death as not a tragedy but a transitional journey. In the second half of the novel, Owen realizes that he will die and that he is Gods instrument. Owen was placed on earth for a purpose, which he completes at the end. Owens death helped him deal with his own death, preparing him for the worst. LAST NITE I HAD A DREAM. NOW I KNOW FOUR THINGS. I KNOW THAT MY VOICE DOESNT CHANGE BUT I STILL DONT KNOW WHY. I KNOW THAT I AM GODS INSTRUMENT. I KNOW WHEN IM GOING TO DIE AND NOW A DREAM HAS SHOWN ME HOW IM GOING TO DIE. IM GOING TO BE A HERO! I TRUST THAT GOD WILL HELP ME, BECAUSE WHAT IM SUPPOSED TO DO LOOKS VERY HARD. P. 416 This is where Owen has his dream, which tells him that he will be a hero by saving the orphan children from the grenade, which leads to his death. Also another event where Owen interrupted the Angel of Death made him believe he was going to be used to kill Tabitha Wheelwright. In Owens opinion, he had INTERUPTED AN ANGEL, he had DISTURBED AN ANGEL AT WORK, he had UPSET THE SCHEME OF THINGS. P. 102 This quote helps Owen explain and also convince himself that he was used to kill Tabitha because God had made him his instrument. Tabitha died for a reason, and God made sure that it was by Owens hands because it brought John and Owen together. Owen Meanys death and him being an instrument of God, it helped John believe in God and that afterlife is true. Owen and John experienced death and dying through many deaths from the beginning to the end of the novel. Many events happened to John to lead him to believe in God, which ultimately helped him embrace

Dentify the sources of law in the United States Assignment Overview Essay

Dentify the sources of law in the United States Assignment Overview - Essay Example This was contrary to the fact that USA has always been a close ally of UK. In 1861, Abraham Lincoln issued executive orders meant to manage a constitutional crisis that was looming. Congress was out of session. On the eve of a civil war, armed militias attacked federal troupes in Maryland and Virginia. John Merryman, an active leader of one of these troupes had to be captured and locked up in Baltimore. Lawyers representing Merryman called for a habeas corpus and the president, through an executive order suspended his right to habeas corpus. This order by the president was valid because letting such a man on the go would multiply the casualties of such a militia and similar coupes. In 1969, President Richard Nixon issued an executive order that strictly prohibited discrimination on sex, color, handicap, religion and origin of a person in the competitive service. The competitive service included civilians employed by the armed forces to the contractors and other active employment arenas. This order was important as a presidential exercise because it encouraged all civilians to own the USA (Nelson 182). Matters related to discrimination had drastically divided the nation based on the stipulated differences. Therefore, it was a reasonable exercise of executive power because it marked the beginning of a free America. Free from vast

The Rise To Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Rise To Management - Assignment Example Although theory forms the basis of nearly all the research; yet the way in which theories are developed varies a lot. Research that gives rise to management issues can be carried out in a number of ways, some of which are mentioned in this work and include establishing causal relationships, evaluating the efficacy of approaches to various problems and derivation of results by the use of descriptive studies.The problem of pharmaceutical companies regarding the loyalty of their customers can well be addressed by the use of smartphone app, as it provides a means of information exchange at very personal level. However, the suggested framework for the purpose of revealing the underlying nature of the problem may prove to be beneficial only if the users of the app are convinced enough to participate in the activity that relates to the provision of personal information for the purpose. Since this is largely a matter of personal choice and preference, and no clear-cut incentive is involved i n the process, the likelihood of this method's success is questionable. Additionally, the approach of quantitative examination leading to the qualitative understanding of the nature of Jamaican consumers raises questions regarding the feasibility of the approach. Will the outcomes obtained as a result of the implementation of this approach be reproducible and applicable in the long run? Also interesting to note is the presumed relationship of the success of smart-phone app to the sales of branded products.

Meaning of life - Human Essay Example for Free

Meaning of life Human Essay ?According to Albert Camus â€Å"You will never be happy if you continue to search for what happiness consists of. You will never live if you are looking for the meaning of life. † People can define happiness in various ways, for ones it means achieving their set goals while for others happiness means serving for society, and finally some people interpret happiness as finding the meaning of their life. People can spend their whole time only searching for the meaning of life, and they forget or ignore the life and real time that passes by. Unfortunately, you can search for the meaning of life and still not find it, or it can come to you with age. Significant events such as surviving the airplane or car crashes or losing the important people in one’s life, force humans to reconsider their values or beliefs, and can help to find the true meaning of life. Meaning of life is something that comes with the age, wisdom or experience. It is also hard to define what the meaning of life is, for it can be easily misinterpreted with the goals or values. I do not have my own meaning of life yet, for I am young, I have not so much experience in my life, and I cannot actually define what the meaning of life is. To begin with, I am not fully mature as a person because I am only twenty years old and my life has just started. Consequently, wanting to enjoy all the charms of my young life I try not to think about difficult topics such as meaning of life. I value my time that I have now, so I want to spend it learning and gaining an experience. The only thing I can figure out in this research on meaning of life, is that people value one thing – time. Having time we can find something or someone, develop ourselves and etc. Theoretically, we can do everything when we have time, but when we have time and do not have someone for whom we can spend it – our life becomes meaningless. Life becomes meaningful when we can spend time on objects and subjects that are important for us. As I am living with my parents, I do not even think about how to earn money, rise future generation and become independent person. I do not have to be a breadwinner at home, and I do not have to work yet. I do not have children, so I do not take the responsibility for treating my children right. However, it would be helpful to find out the meaning of life before I become a parent, for it would help me to raise my children right. My life is easier now, so I do not stop to think about the meaning of my life. Although I am dependent on my parents because they give me shelter, food and opportunity to get an education, I feel that being independent also would lead to thoughts about the meaning of life. Being a young adult give me the opportunity to gain an experience that could help me find the meaning of life. I am learning at the LCC university where professors from different countries tell their stories about their own life experience, and it seems that the person should have an experience in order to have a meaning of life. The experience of meeting different people, being introduced to different cultures, beliefs and values, and seeing the real adult life, all these experiences bring an insight about the meaning that the person can find in life. It is very difficult to find the right definition of meaning of life. When persons speak about creation of family or being a successful in work, it seems like goals and it is, but some people see it as the meaning. I can also assume that being happy and appreciative person has the real meaning in life, but is it the meaning of life? Maybe we should find the meaning that would lead us to feel happy and appreciative. I think that meaning of life does not even exist. There are only purposes. Love, family, friendship are only purposes, and purpose is not the meaning. Why? Because they answer the question of approachability, we can reach it or not. Theoretically, if these things were meaningful, life would end when we reach all of them. Meaning is sort of general idea, which is accessible and equal to all. It cannot answer the question of feasibility. Actually, the meaning of life should by absolute verity. Overall, this is the topic that brings many thoughts to my mind. For now I can say that I do not have any specific meaning of my life so far. I am young, rebel, adventure seeking person, and the spirit that now lives in my soul gives me the opportunity to live and enjoy the fruits of my young adulthood years, and I rarely stop to think about the real meaning of life. I do not know whether it is right or wrong that I do not pay much attention for such topic. I believe that people become wiser with years, and that wisdom would bring the need to evaluate the life and to seek and find the meaning of it. I also cannot actually define what the meaning of life is, and I think that some people cannot find out it through their life. Overall, life is already meaningful as the person lives and breathes.

As American As Apple Pie? :: Essays Papers

As American As Apple Pie? Every American has heard the saying "as American as apple pie." But, there's no question about it--apple pie did not originate in the U.S., at all! "In fact, the apple pie predates our country's settlement by hundreds of years,† (112) writes Lee Edwards Benning in Cook's Tales. When the Pilgrims set to sea they brought with them their homeland's recipes. So, we know how the ole apple pie got to America, but why the saying? Where does it come from and what does "as American as apple pie" mean? From all historical accounts, it seems that fruit pies as we now know them were invented by the Pennsylvania Dutch. Women in the southeastern counties of the state made delicious, crispy pies encasing every fruit in the region. â€Å"It may be,† states Frederick Klees, â€Å"that during the Revolution men from the other colonies came to know this dish in Pennsylvania and carried this knowledge back home to establish pie as the great American dessert† (191). Additionally, this pie gained popularity at the triumphant end of the war and the beginning of our country. The recipe migrated north, farmer’s wives learned to make this more involved pie, and consumption swelled. Colonists loved pie so much they ate it for every meal, but, notably, not every farmer could afford it. Thus, pies evolved into a symbol of status. Thomas Jefferson made his own recipe, Ben Franklin grew prize apples in his backyard for his pies, and Martha Washington even served thi s dessert at diplomatic dinners! Indeed it is the fruition of this unique, thick, two-crusted apple pie, rather than the thin, one-crust English pie, in which we invest our pride. Ever wonder why July 4th parties are marked by apple pies? It’s a carryover from first Independence Day celebrations when the apple pie was at its peak importance to Americans. So, â€Å" as American as apple pie† implies the improvement of what was once British; it is the mark of prosperity, freedom, and status as the apple pie represented to our ancestors. It is not a mistaken saying or an ignorant remark.

Outsourcing Trends: Health Services Professionals

[pic] MGT 6220 – Health Care Human Resource Management Outsourcing Trends – Health Services Professionals Fall 2012 Research Paper Anthony Edens Thomas Grumley Outsourcing Trends – Health Services Professionals In today’s healthcare environment, hospitals are facing increasing pressure to reduce costs, increase efficiency and improve the quality of patient care. Although some of the details of the impending changes may not be perfectly defined, the industry is certain that changes are inevitable.Going forward, there will be an increased focus on quality; penalties for re-admissions, medical errors and hospital acquired infections (Buser, 2010). Several factors, such as aging populations, new treatments, low patient financial responsibility and misalignment of incentives have forced the Government to reconsider current Medicare reimbursement arrangements (Kaplan, Porter, 2011). For example, fee for service, which reimburses providers and hospitals based on the procedure performed, are not based on the desired outcome which should be good patient health.Therefore, the incentive for the provider could be to perform more of the higher reimbursement procedures and not to focus on decreasing the costs of business. Unfortunately, this has lead to a cycle of increasing costs for the government and payers, who are now looking for ways to decrease reimbursement and align incentives with quality while reducing re-admissions. Decreasing reimbursement will force hospitals that are not currently focused on cost control to rethink the existing strategies. In light of this, hospitals will need to concentrate on expense control, staffing productivity and service line efficiency.Crucially, hospitals will need to focus on effective alignment with physician practices and hospitalists. One consideration that continues to arise is whether to outsource certain functions from an employment model to one involving outsourcing, and one which will be discussed at length in the following pages. The current climate is signaling a clear increase in the trend to outsource a multitude of functions, for both large and small hospitals. In Modern Healthcare’s 33rd Annual Outsourcing Survey, 42 firms reported a 14% increase in the number of healthcare clients from 2009 to 2010.The following year’s survey, reported that among the top 20 outsourcing firms there was a reported 13. 1% growth from 2010 to 2011. The top 5 services which are currently outsourced are laundry, housekeeping, clinical/diagnostic equipment maintenance, hospital based emergency departments and food services (Kutscher, 2012). Additionally, the outsourcing of back office functions continues to increase. For example, firms providing accounts receivable functions reported a 21% increase in 2010 and firms providing medical record services reported a 6% increase in 2010 and an 8% increase in 2011 (Kutscher, 2012; Daly, 2011).Also related to the back office functions is effective revenue cycle management. When considering the tightening of the current and future reimbursement environment, the ability for a hospital to successfully collect monies owed and to reduce bad debt will be crucial. For example, in May of 2011, Conifer, a subsidiary of for-profit hospital chain Tenet Healthcare Corp. , Dallas announced that it closed on a deal to provide revenue management services to 56 hospitals (Kutscher, 2012). Another area of explosive growth is in the IT sector.Part of the reason is that there is a federal mandate which requires hospitals and physician practices to show â€Å"meaningful use† of electronic records. Not only are there financial incentives for implementing electronic health records early, there are financial penalties for those that have not implemented a system over the next few years. Robust growth can also be seen among the firms that provide diagnostic equipment maintenance. In Modern Healthcare’s 33rd Annual Outsourcin g Survey, these firms saw 12. 6% growth from 2009 to 2010 and the following year’s survey showed a 16. % increase. This is due to the fact the medical equipment is growing increasingly more complex and that specialized firms are able to adhere to strict maintenance schedules, provide detailed documentation and track repair costs. One of the largest areas of growth is in the outsourcing of anesthesia services. From 2009 to 2010, the growth among survey respondents was 147% to a total of 222 contracts. One of the reasons for this is that anesthesia services can operate as a self contained unit within a hospital.This works more efficiently than if each physician would bring in their own team by providing both consistency and cost effectiveness. However, there are concerns regarding outsourcing hospital services. Reasons for hesitation among hospital executives can be corporate culture, patient privacy and regulatory compliance. There are definite security and compliance concerns related to the outsourcing of electronic medical records. For instance, while Indian insurance and pharmaceutical companies have had success, gaining market share from U. S hospitals may prove to be difficult. As soon as it leaves the confines of the U. S. , it's not subject to the same rigorous laws as we are,† says George Conklin, chief information officer of Christus Health (Sharma, 2010). Here, we are going to focus on outsourcing the hospitalist and revenue cycle functions and show some of the advantages and limitations of each. The number of hospitals that have hospitalist programs continues to grow, and today 2/3rd of all hospitals use a hospitalist program. Additionally, the demand for these providers currently outweighs the supply with a total of 31,000 covering the country’s demand of 40,000 (Buser, 2010).One of the reasons for this increasing demand is it allows those physicians with busy outpatient practices to concentrate on those practices and for the pro viders in the hospitalists programs to concentrate on the inpatients. Additionally, hospitalists can focus their attention to the details of inpatient management due to their more consistent practice patterns and expertise which all helps to reduce average length of stay and increase patient health and satisfaction. Hospitals can choose from either employing and managing the group of hospitalists directly or using a 3rd party vendor such as TeamHealth or EmCare to outsource the service.For instance, a hospital may choose to employ a group of hospitalists directly if it’s looking to ensure quality and bring the programs under local control to align the program with their own mission and values. However, crucial to the success of this is effective leadership and expertise. In some instances, employing hospitalists directly may require abundant investment in IT systems and other tools which will require large amounts of capital dollars that some smaller hospitals may not have ac cess to.In these instances a hospital may choose to outsource this function to take advantage of the large economies of scale and expertise a large vendor may be able to offer. For instance, in the article â€Å"Hospital Medicine’s Management Shuffle† by Bonnie Darves, Martin Buser, MPH, who is the co-founder of the hospitalist consulting firm Hospitalist Management Resources LLC, attributes the decisions to outsource to rapid growth of programs in which the hospital did not have the proper infrastructure and financial support to carry on with the program.Additionally, by outsourcing the practice the hospital reduces its regulatory risks as well as administrative and recruiting burdens. For example, in 2007 Hospital Specialists of Georgia, turned over management services to Cogent, a prominent and large vendor of hospitalist programs. At the time the group was handling a third of the medical center’s admissions and could not increase that without support.Without available capital, the company was not able to meet the growing demands of IT, especially as quality and performance measurement started to become more prevalent. (Darves, 2007). Using a 3rd party vendor whose expertise lies in focus and efficiency, and especially when combined with firms who bundle ED and hospitalist services, hospitals can reduce patient wait times and reduce the number of patients who leave the ER prior to triage or treatment. Ultimately this acts to increase the overall volumes of the hospital.Additionally, for 2012, CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services) created two new critical measurements which measure, in minutes, the time from ED arrival to ED departure for patients admitted from the ED to the facility and from the admit decision time to the time of departure from the ED for patients admitted to inpatient status. Improving these times has a multitude of positive effects on the facility. For example, this can reduce the ED length of stay, increas e the ED capacity, improve the admission process and ultimately improve the patient outcome.Conversely, some may argue that quality and alignment with the hospital are better achieved when providers are employed directly. For example, Kadlec Medical Center of Richland Washington decided that in 2006 it would discontinue its arrangement with a large vendor and bring its program in-house. The hospital wanted more control over the number of hospitalists as well as the scope and quality of services (Darves, 2007). However, the data suggests that quality does not suffer when outsourcing a hospitalist program. This is why we recommend outsourcing in the case of a hospitalist program.In a 2009 survey released by the Medical Group Management Association, the data shows that a hospitalist from a large vendor sees, on average, more than 19% more patients per day than a hospitalist employed by the hospital. Patrick Hays FACHE and C. Thomas Smith explain in their article â€Å"Why the Independ ent Hospitalist Practice is here to Stay,† that this does not imply an adverse effect on the quality of the healthcare, and is instead the result of a focused effort where other hospital assignments are not competing for attention.An increase in focus and expertise can lead to early detection and better diagnosis of disease which ultimately leads to less expensive and less complex treatments, and importantly, to fewer re-admissions. Outsourcing the hospitalist practice is also cost effective. A 3rd party hospitalist vendor can usually integrate its existing software with the hospitals and reduce training and orientation costs that could come with having to learn a new EMR system. In addition to IT and recruiting costs, there can also be costs associated with billing, accounting, legal, regulatory, marketing and quality control.Should a hospital choose to employ the physicians and experience rapid growth without the proper infrastructure, these costs can quickly deteriorate the earnings of the group. Regulatory and legal costs can be especially problematic. For instance, Stark and Anti-Kickback Laws limit what a hospital can pay to an employed physician and require that each contract be put under scrutiny to ensure fair market value scrutiny to guarantee there are no conflicts of interest between the physician, hospital and patient.To make certain a hospital is not violating these serious and complex laws, it would need to employ and increase its legal department’s infrastructure to include a department specifically designated to physician contracts, a cost many small hospitals may not be able to afford. With so many reasons for a hospital to use a 3rd party vendor, hospitals may become increasingly interested in avoiding the employment model. John Donahue, CEO of Cogent HMG expects a â€Å"dramatic ramp up of hospitalist consolidation† in the coming years because of the new quality requirements the government is demanding the hospitals meet .The large hospitalist companies already have effective ways to measure this as well as reduce length of stay and complications resulting from hospital stays (Robeznieks, 2012). Another step firms are taking to convince hospital executives that outsourcing is the right choice is using local contractors and simultaneously offering a national support model. For example, Radisphere, an Ohio based radiology outsourcing firm, uses local radiologists who work with a network of offsite subspecialists offering continuous access to consultations.In summary, outsourcing hospitalist services can provide hospitals, large and small, a cost effective and efficient means to provide quality patient care. With an ever increasing focus on quality, using a group focused physicians with hospital expertise who do not have competing private practices can increase patient satisfaction, increase hospital capacity and volumes all while helping the hospital achieve its goals while creating and maintaining a good quality reputation in the community. Let us not forget, however, that the presence of Human Resources should be critical in this decision.The head of Human Resources needs to understand the dynamics of the business and the challenges that lay ahead should the company choose to outsource an existing function or in-source a function currently delegated to a 3rd party firm. For instance, if a decision is made to outsource an existing department there will need to be a roadmap for the existing employees. Ask questions such as, â€Å"Will there be a severance package or can these employees be transitioned or transferred to open positions in other areas of the company? Furthermore, there needs to be discussions regarding the reliability of the outsourcing firm and a contingency plan should the firm go out of business or discontinue the relationship. Are there alternative companies that could provide similar services if this situation were to arise? Will the chosen firm be able to me et the projected volume needs to the hospital? Additionally, even if the hospitalist function is outsourced, communication from management and HR will remain important so that those in these new positions still feel supported and motivated.HR needs to work closely with the firm providing the services so that boundaries, objectives and targets are clear. In a situation where an outsourced function is brought in-house, HR needs to ensure that the current management infrastructure can accommodate the new positions. Especially in the case of employing hospitalists, contracts as well as compensation and benefit packages need to be created. Another example of where opportunities lie for outsourcing departments is in office functions such as revenue cycle management.In recent years, hospitals have steadily warmed to the idea of outsourcing functions which were previously kept in-house, such as business processes and information technology. However, a host of factors–including the pa ssage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the faltering economy and the increasing emphasis on quality and performance improvement–have pushed that trend into overdrive (McKinney, 2010). In order to remain competitive and stay afloat, hospitals and other healthcare organizations are desperately looking deeper into business functions to determine the areas that may be better off outside the walls. Faced with a potential flood of new patients and lean budgets, hospitals are carefully considering each department to determine which functions can be turned over to contractors, and more areas are fair game than ever before†, says Reggie Hill, a partner at Waller Lansden Dortch & Davis, Nashville (McKinney, 2010). Although housekeeping, food services, and diagnostic equipment maintenance are among the most common outsourced services, revenue cycle management is becoming increasingly popular. Because of the perception that there will continue to be cuts in reimbu rsement and new reimbursement models, hospitals are looking for ways to cut expenses and maximize revenue,† Hill says. â€Å"If an outsourcing agreement looks like it will accomplish those goals, it's going to be something a hospital will want to take advantage of. † In particular, there has been continued growth in the number of organizations that are seeking out revenue-cycle management services, Hill says. â€Å"There are vendors that have shown they can add value, and more hospitals are giving it a try† (McKinney, 2010).Although more organizations are looking into the use of a vendor, it is important to consider all variables before determining the best option. Outsourcing the revenue cycle function does not fit all business models. Factors such as practice size, legal compliance, training ability, cost savings, quality, and efficiency should be studied carefully in order to realize the maximum return on investment. Companies that fit the outsourcing model an d execute the transition properly can realize the greatest rewards.Conversely, outsourcing may be the downfall of an organization if these factors are not considered. When a company commits to outsourcing, cost savings tend to dominate and labor rates are a large contributing factor. In search of satisfaction, many companies are looking to offshore vendors. Offshore outsourcing companies might save hospitals even more money in labor costs because employees in countries such as India often work for much less money than U. S. staffers (Mantone, 2003). Managing a department outside of the organization’s walls has its other cost saving advantages.Having fewer internal employees reduces the need for back office space which will generate savings in rent. With a billing service, billing and collection activities occur off-site and therefore it may be possible for a hospital to reduce its current overhead costs or convert existing office space to a revenue generation, patient service s area (Schechter, 2000). Furthermore, cost savings with outsourcing may also be realized in more subtle ways such as an adaptation of superior processes. The demand for standardization in revenue cycle management is on the rise. Despite growth in the industry, the floundering economy has made some providers skittish about first-time outsourcing deals†, Zambuto says. Another motivating factor that is convincing many to take the plunge is the need for standardization, he says. Outsourcing to a vendor can help ensure processes are done the same way each time at every location, which reduces the probability of errors, he says (McKinney, 2010). With this standardization comes an increased revenue flow. Many companies are careless with collections and spend unnecessary time, money, and resources on correcting mistakes.Re-billing and managing overpayments can become costly due to the increased hours of operation and additional wages paid to employees working these claims. If the bil ling can be done quickly and accurately the first time, these costs will not have to be wasted in order to generate the same amount of revenue. For example, Marshall McHenry, MD, a Cincinnati internist, chose to outsource billing when he started his own private practice. â€Å"He pays an outside billing service 6% of collections or about $20,000 to $22,000 annually, he said.In contrast, an in-house biller would have cost $30,000, including benefits, and a billing system would have cost several thousand, if not tens of thousands of dollars, Dr. McHenry estimates. Also, had he hired a biller, he would have had to factor in training and vacation time, and figure out how to avoid down time that could have seriously hurt his practice† (Chin, 2003). Additionally, this higher level of quality requires ongoing employee training which may become not only time consuming, but expensive. The billing service is responsible for hiring, training and supervising staff.They also are responsib le for coverage when any of their employees are out of the office. And they are responsible for acquiring and maintaining all necessary computer software and hardware as well as addressing other technology-related issues (Schechter, 2000). The relief of these burdens will allow management to focus more on its core competencies. Typically, a revenue-cycle outsourcing firm takes over some or all of a hospital's business office functions, which can include everything from patient registration, accounts receivable, billing and coding.They consolidate those functions into larger offices that serve many providers. The end result, outsourcing companies say, is a more efficient model that leaves more operating revenue for hospitals. Those types of business arrangements will likely continue as cash-strapped hospitals see the potential for big savings, says Dean William Harvey, a partner at the law firm Vinson & Elkins in Dallas (McKinney, 2010). Richard Garnick, chairman and CEO of Anthelio Healthcare Solutions, credits the â€Å"incredible† cost pressures on hospitals for the growth in his company's revenue-cycle management services.In the case of federal healthcare programs, Garnick has seen his client hospitals grow increasingly concerned that possible across-the-board cuts to Medicare and Medicaid could push them into the red. Those concerns have led some of Garnick's core clients at community hospitals to replace their in-house back office staff with his employees to reduce the cost of those functions by 30% to 35%. â€Å"That gap will potentially allow that hospital to survive,† he says about one recent client (Daly, 2011). Success with outsourcing has also been achieved by Marc D.Grobman, DO, a solo internist at Internal Medicine and Primary Care in Wilmington, DE when he chose to use Health Care Practice Management Inc. as a billing service. He says he is getting 98% of money due compared with 75% when he was part of the hospital network. â€Å"A t first using a billing service was a virtual necessity. Now I see no reason to bring it in-house because it's working out so well,† Dr. Grobman says. He also thinks he gets more expert billers through outsourcing, which in turn means he leaves less money on the table. Dr.McHenry contends that he gets about 10% more — $35,000 to $40,000 a year — than he would have had he hired someone to handle billing. Because it's a specialized skill, it can be hard to find good billers in the local labor pool, he added (Stevens, 2007). On the contrary, outsourcing does have its drawbacks, and most notably, a reduced sense of control is inevitable. Outsourcing firms are responsible for these functions which prevents the hospital from easily maintaining close management of operations. â€Å"The downside is you can lose control,† said Louis Korman, MD, one of Dr. Weinstein's partners. â€Å"You can be taken.There are a lot of people who think that doctors' practices are j ust money mills they can take advantage of† (Chin, 2003). Additionally, an absence of direct management may result in poor customer service. Third party billing firms may be required to deal with patients directly and it is difficult for the hospital or physician practice to monitor this interaction closely. Many physicians believe that they are able to maintain better relationships with patients when billing functions are kept in-house. Without this strong patient – provider relationship, a healthcare organization may not be able to survive.Moreover, a third party revenue cycle management firm may not hold the same work ethics as the healthcare entity which may result in subpar performance. A vital piece to the success of any billing department is legal compliance and these performance standards must be met. But revenue management outsourcing has its share of pitfalls, most notably legal compliance, he adds. Providers need to be confident in a contractor's ability to m anage the billing requirements of Medicare and other programs, while successfully complying with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (McKinney, 2010).Dissatisfaction with an outsourcer's performance led Detroit Medical Center in February to sue to dissolve a 10-year, $300 million contract with Provider HealthNet Services, Dallas. Detroit Medical said the outsourced operation failed to achieve timely completion of medical records and had not delivered on a plan to train employees and organize the department for computerized records. Provider HealthNet said uncooperative and obstructive action by Detroit Medical officials caused the performance problems (Morrissey, 2003).A company’s decision whether or not to outsource a department will inevitably require the presence of Human Resources. One advantage of outsourcing the revenue cycle management team is the distance that it creates between management and the frontline employees. In some cases, this di sconnect is desired by the hospital because it relieves the duty of having to deal with employee issues. If an employee of a hospital is not performing, the management team will have to carefully follow HR policies and document progression of failing performance before termination may occur.This can not only be time consuming, but it can hinder productivity until the change may be made. Utilizing a vendor will allow the hospital to simply request that a replacement be made for a certain employee without having to follow any HR policies. â€Å"While the net cost of farming out billing is unknowable, Dr. Schwartz does believe that whatever it is, it's worth the peace of mind it gives him. † An outsource service insulates us from the kinds of problems that could get us into financial trouble,† he says. There are some advantages† to not having him on staff, Dr. Weinstein said. â€Å"The biggest one is that if he's not doing a good job, I don't have to worry about fir ing him. I just have to say to the company, ‘Hey, this guy is not doing a good job. I want somebody else. ‘ They have to worry about firing him, and firing high-level people is not easy to do† (Stevens, 2007). Although some hospitals may find this ‘peace of mind’ to be worth a potential added cost, there are some disadvantages that an HR department may face with outsourcing a business function.Whenever a hospital chooses to outsource a department or other function, it will unavoidably have to endure a layoff of some magnitude. A layoff or employee termination will most certainly involve a strong HR presence. No matter the level of expertise of the HR department, this process is never easy to manage. In some cases, a layoff may be necessary involving employees who have been part of an organization for years. Relationships have developed between the employees and management team which can make this event even more difficult.However, if the business decis ion to outsource is made, many times a layoff is most likely unavoidable. Additionally, this will create a loss of jobs in the community. â€Å"Also it can be a â€Å"hard sell† because outsourcing hospitals are â€Å"taking jobs from the local community and putting them elsewhere,† Johnston says. â€Å"It's not that big of a deal when the office has 10 people,† he says. â€Å"But when there are 100, 200 people in the office it becomes a big deal† (Mantone, 2003). This event can also create a negative image for the hospital which may not be beneficial for its reputation.This challenge must be closely managed by the HR department. In conclusion, outsourcing can be an effective way to increase the efficiency and lower the costs of an organization. In the case of using a 3rd party hospitalist firm, it uses a focused group of physicians who not only help to decrease costs but improve patient care and decrease re-admissions. Also, with improved patient care t here comes a decrease in the average length of stay which is obviously great for the patient but also enables the hospital to increase its capacity for additional patient services.It can be advantageous to a hospital to use a 3rd party outsourcing firm so long as the goals and expectations are clearly outlined and defined within the contract terms with the firm providing these services. Another example of an opportunity to take advantage of the focus of a 3rd party firm is in the realm of the revenue cycle function. Advantages such as decreased overhead costs, increased expertise and augmented standardization are ways in which a hospital can improve its overall collections, decrease its net accounts receivable days and lower the amount of money spent to do so.Outsourcing does not necessarily imply going overseas, as mentioned in the hospitalist example above, patient care mostly depends on human interaction in most services and so the local community economy remains intact. In the e nd, HR needs to be well versed in the goals of the company and be able to contribute to the decision by offering perspective on future labor needs, compensation and benefit costs or savings and strategic alignment with the hospital’s strategies and mission. â€Å"References† Buser, M. , (2010, December). Hospitalist Programs in the Age of Healthcare Reform.Journal of Healthcare Management, 55:6, 378-380. Chin, T. , (2003, August 11). The Doctor is Outsourcing: To Hire or Not to Hire. American Medical News, Retrieved November 15, 2012 from http://www. ama-assn. org/amednews/2003/08/11/bisa0811. htm Daly, R. , (2011, September 5). Under Pressure. Modern Healthcare, Vol. 41 Issue 36, S1-S4. Darves, B. , (2007, May). Hospital Medicine’s Management Shuffle. Today’s Hospitalist. Retrieved November 10, 2012 from http://www. todayshospitalist. com/index. php? b=articles_read&cnt=64. html Hays, P. , Smith, C. Thomas. , (2010, October).Why the Independent Hospitali st Practice is here to Stay. Physician Future. Retrieved November 18, 2012 from http://www. physicianfuture. com/news/physician-news/why-the-independent-hospitalist-practice-is-here-to-stay. html Kaplan, R. , Porter, M. , (2011, September). How to Solve the Cost Crisis in Health Care. Harvard Business Review, 48-49. Kutscher, B. , (2012, September 3). Expertise on Call. Modern Healthcare, Vol. 42 Issue 36, 20-27. Mantone, J. , (2003, November 24). Letting Someone Else Do It Better. Modern Healthcare, Vol. 33 Issue 47, S10McKinney, M. , (2010, September 20). Outsourcing Sees Stimulus Effect: Health Reform, Ailing Economy Prompt a Closer Look at Use of Contractors. Modern Healthcare, Vol. 40 Issue 38, pS1-S5, 5p. Morrissey, J. , (2003, May 12). Not Paying Off: Baylor, EDS Terminate Revenue Management Deal. Modern Healthcare, Vol. 33 Issue 19, p3, 1/2p. Robeznieks, A. , (2012, April 2). Partnering up: As Consolidation Begins to Sweep through Healthcare, Hospitalists Expect to See the T rend Accelerate in their Sector. Modern Healthcare, Vol. 42, Issue 14. Schechter, K. , (2000, July 24).Compare Costs, Benefits of Billing Service vs. In-House. American Medical News, Retrieved from http://www. ama-assn. org/amednews/2000/07/24/bica0724. htm Sharma, A. , Worthen, B. , (2010, November). Qualms Arise Over Outsourcing of Electronic Medical Records. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 29, 2012 from http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052748704865104575588252907738276. html Stevens, L. , (2007, April 16). The Ins and Outs of Billing: Pros and Cons of Outsourcing. American Medical News, Retrieved November 15, 2012 from http://www. ama-assn. org/amednews/2007/04/16/bisa0416. htm